![]() ![]() The leaves of the plants were sampled, frozen in liquid nitrogen and immediately stored at −70 ☌. The plants were grown in a greenhouse at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. In addition, the dominant gene controlling the glandless trait, i.e., \(G\). In previous research, two recessive genes, i.e., gl 2 and gl 3, were discovered to determine the glandless trait of the whole plant 20, but these genes have not been characterized. The glandless cotton plant was thought to be mainly controlled by two recessive or one dominant gene. The genetic mechanisms of pigment glands in cotton have been previously studied. Therefore, investigating the formation of pigment glands is meaningful for regulating the content of gossypol in cotton plants. Thus, the gossypol content in cotton plants is closely related to the genetic types of pigment glands in cotton cultivars. ![]() Furthermore, it was proposed that different genotypes had an impact on the distribution of pigment glands 19. Previous research has reported that the gossypol content is highly correlated with the number of pigment glands 18. Anatomically the pigment glands are intercellular spaces with a large central cavity 17, containing many gossypol and related terpenoids 6. ![]() The pigment glands are located on the surfaces of the ovaries, petals, sepals, bracts, stigma, stem and leaves. The pigment glands, which are also called gossypol glands, appear as dark opaque dots in all parts of the glanded cotton plant 16. On the other side, as one of the most important secondary metabolites, gossypol plays important roles in cotton’s growth and development 6, 7, 8, and is used as a medicine with anti-bacterial 9, 10, anti-cancer 11, 12, 13 and male-contraceptive properties 14, 15. Recently, some gossypol biosynthesis genes have been characterized and used to reduce the gossypol content in cottonseeds 2, 4, 5. Two approaches may serve this purpose, i.e., either reducing the gossypol content directly or eliminating the pigment glands to reduce the gossypol content indirectly. Therefore, low-gossypol cotton cultivar breeding was always regarded as an important task. However, the nutrient-rich cottonseeds cannot be used directly due to the presence of gossypol stored mainly in the pigment glands, which are toxic to human beings and monogastric animals 3. It is estimated that every kilogram fiber yield is associated with 1.65 kg cottonseeds, which contain approximately 21% oil and 23% protein 2. In addition to producing nature fiber for the textile industry, cotton also provides a large quantity of cottonseeds containing high-quality protein and oil 1. Altogether, our results provide deeper insight into cotton NILs with different pigment glands.Ĭotton ( Gossypium spp.) is a leading economic crop worldwide. The expression levels in the glanded organs were higher than those in their NILs. Expression analysis revealed that key genes with variations that participate in the gossypol biosynthesis and pigment gland formation pathways had different expression patterns among the dominant, recessive glandless and glanded plants. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that genes with SNPs and Indels from the recessive NILs and genes with Indels from the dominant NILs shared only one enriched pathway, i.e., the sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway, which is relevant to gossypol biosynthesis. Compared with the TM-1 genome, numerous SNPs, Indels, SVs, and CNVs were discovered. Therefore, the NILs genomes were resequenced and the sequencing depths were greater than 34×. However, knowledge regarding the genomic variations in the NILs is limited. The glandless traits of Coker 312 W and CCRI12W are controlled by recessive and dominant genes, respectively. ![]() Two pairs of cotton near isogenic lines (NILs) with different pigment glands, i.e., Coker 312 vs Coker 312 W and CCRI12 vs CCRI12W, exhibit different gossypol contents. However, the presence of gossypol limits the utilization of cottonseed. It produces fiber for the textile industry and provides cottonseeds with high-quality protein and oil. Cotton is an important economic crop in worldwide. ![]()
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